Confusable words

imply vs infer: what's the difference?

imply
verb
vs
infer
verb
? ?

These two get mixed up all the time, and the mix-up goes in one direction: people use "infer" when they mean "imply." Here is the fix, in one sentence: the speaker implies, the listener infers.

Imply

verb

To imply is to suggest something without saying it directly. It is what the speaker or writer does.

  • She didn't say I was late, but her tone implied it.
  • The report implies that sales will drop next quarter.

Infer

verb

To infer is to work out a meaning from what someone else said or wrote. It is what the listener or reader does.

  • From her tone, I inferred that she was annoyed with me.
  • Readers can infer the ending long before the author states it.

Side by side

imply infer
Who does it The speaker or writer The listener or reader
What it means To hint at something To work out a meaning
Simple test "I implied it in what I said." "I inferred it from what you said."

Quick rule

Speakers and writers imply. Listeners and readers infer. If you are reading between the lines, you are inferring.

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